Communication Problems in Hugh Garner’s “The Father” Essay

Who is perfect; certainly not John Purcel in Hugh Garner’s short story â€Å"The Father† about a desperate alcoholic father (John Purcel) trying to get closer to his son (Johnny) who seems to be slowly drifting away from him. This will be demonstrated through out a series of examples which will prove the father’s drinking problem, his neglective attitude towards his son and his low self esteem. Alcohol can control a person’s life and make them irresponsible which affects their relationships. John Purcell showed a lack of judgment by stopping to have a drink before he even got home from work making him late for the scout meeting with his son. His irresponsibility continued when he met another irresponsible drunken father at the meeting. When the stranger offered John a drink, he gladly accepted the offer stating â€Å"you’re a lifesaver†. Due to his drunkenness, John Purcell embarrassed his son even further. â€Å"In a paroxysm of pride and happiness he grasped the boy’s hand, and facing the audience, held it aloft like a referee signaling the winner of a boxing bout. There was a short burst of embarrassed laughter from the tables†. His drinking affected his actions and caused his son to be humiliated in front of his friends. It is very difficult to have a healthy relationship with someone when you are controlled by alcohol. Building good relationships involves time and effort. John Purcell never put any effort into trying to know his son because â€Å"most of the time he was too preoccupied with other things to pay much heed to the boy’s activities†. He never encouraged or supported Johnny and never participated or went to any of his son’s events. He did not even know what baseball or swimming team Johnny was on. When the curate, Mr. Redpath, complimented Johnny on his exceptional swimming ability, the father realized that â€Å"he seemed to know less about the boy than anyone†. However, he made the excuse that his son â€Å"was only a twelve-year-old who wanted to be left alone†. Because the father was so involved in himself, he did not make the time or put forth the effort to develop a proper relationship with his son. A person who has low self-esteem finds it difficult to care for others and himself. John Purcell did not know the scout leaders and the other fathers; he stereotyped them as being â€Å"sissies and goons†. When he discovered that Johnny did not have the full scout uniform because of lack of money, his first response was â€Å"What’s the matter with this family anyway? God knows what the neighbours must think of me.† What others thought was more important to him than his own family. Even though he was cheap with his family, he didn’t want others to know about it. He was very insecure which caused him to feel out of place and unsure of himself. Even when he had made an effort to show an interest in his son, he had been â€Å"pointedly ignored† contributing more to his feelings of inadequacy as a father. When one feels like a total failure, it is difficult to have any positive relationships because you are always worried about what others think. In conclusion Johnny’s father finally realized he had to change in order to be closer to his son. It would be hard for John Purcell to have a close relationship with his son due to his lack of interest in him, his alcoholism, and his lack of self-esteem. John’s negative personality dominated his relationships with his son and others.

Oliver Twist Essay

Dickens never stops criticising the workhouse and the way they treated orphans in the first chapter. The first chapter closes with ‘Oliver cried lustily. If he could have known that he was an orphan, left to the tender mercies of church wardens and overseers, perhaps he would cried the louder. ‘ This last statement leaves us feeling sympathetic towards Oliver. Oliver after eight to ten months was sent off to a baby farm. This is yet another aspect of society, which was not a pleasant experience, another institution where children were malnourished and brought up by hand, similar to the parish workhouse but the actual purpose of the baby farm, was different. ‘Where twenty or thirty other juvenile offenders against the poor-laws rolled about the floor all day, without the inconvenience of to much food or clothing,’ When Dickens says that the children are offenders against the poor laws he is was once again using sarcasm. He uses sarcasm here to make the children sound like criminals which is what the higher class people saw the children as, as they have no parents and no money. Under the parental superintendence of an elderly woman implies that the children are neglected and left to his of her own company with no particular care or affection. However it was very unlikely that a woman of Mrs Mann’s age, the elderly woman watching over the children, was going to actually give the children what money they were given. Mrs Mann never gave the children all the money they were given to be able to lead a health life. She only gave the children enough money to buy what she thought was a suitable diet. She deprives the children of their rights and uses the money for her own luxuries. It was of no surprise that this system of farming would leave no child fit and healthy, and Dickens outlines this by Oliver’s physical appearance. ‘Oliver Twists ninth birthday found him a pale thin child, somewhat diminutive in stature and decidedly small in circumference. ‘ Nourishment wasn’t the only thing that Mrs Mann’s system lacked. Responsibility and awareness wasn’t some of her strongest qualities along with many of the other women who worked in baby farms in Dickens day. Many deaths occurred in farms and they were down to sheer carelessness. ‘It did perversely happen in eight and a half cases out of ten, either that sickened from want and cold, or fell into the fire from neglect, or got half smothered by accident; in any one of which cases, the miserable little being was usually summoned into another world, and there gathered to the fathers it had never known in this. ‘ There were an unusual high number of suspicious deaths in the baby farms. However Mr Bumble and the board regularly covered for up these deaths to keep the Parish Officials in the dark to what really went on. Mrs Mann said she gave the children gin when they were ill so they didn’t moan from the pain and disturb her peace. ‘Why, its what I’m obliged to keep a little in the house, to put into the blessed infants’ Daffy, when they aint well, Mr Bumble’ At least this is what she says, I personally think that she kept the gin in the house so when the children were ill and were crying with pain she could drink the gin and drown out the noise the children made. Oliver stayed with Mrs Mann until he was nine years old. After Mr Bumble had arrived Oliver was already upstairs being washed and made presentable enough and then brought down to the Beadle. ‘Having by this time as much of the outer coat of dirt, which encrusted his face and hands, removed, as could be scrubbed off in one washing was led into the room by his benevolent protectress. ‘ Notice in the quotation how Oliver was led this further demonstrates that Oliver is a passive character. He does not lead himself but is led by others. This consistently proceeds to happen throughout the novel as he led by Mr Bumble and many other characters of the story. Oliver is always referred to as being little, small, poor little Oliver Twist. This is to try and gain the readers sympathy. In the 1830’s, Victorian times, the Victorians would engross themselves in stories and novels which involved sad and sympathetic characters. They enjoyed reading ‘tear jerking’ novels and Dickens tries to capture and involve the reader in the novel by always referring Oliver as small, little and poor. Oliver was now nine years old and was scheduled to stand before the board, which was made up of eight to ten men. They were going to decide where to send Oliver as he was too old to still live in the farm with Mrs Mann. The board were stern and strict. One of the men in a white waistcoat called Oliver a fool. ‘Which was a capital way raising his spirits and putting him quite at ease’ Dickens here is being facetious in the way that the man which called Oliver a fool did not help him relax in front of the board. The board started interrogating little Oliver asking him questions to what he did not know the answers. They asked if he was aware he was an orphan, if he prayed at night for those who fed him and cared for him and yet he did not know what praying was. He had not been educated in such things by anyone and by which means was he suppose to know he had to. The board told Oliver that he was to learn a new and useful trade. This was to pick oakum. ‘So you’ll begin to pick oakum tomorrow morning at six o’clock’ added the surely one in the white waistcoat’ Oliver was not involved in the decisions made only told and this was no way to treat someone, especially not a child just because he was an orphan. ‘The members of the board were very sage, deep, philosophical man, and when they came to turn their attention to the workhouse, they found out at once, what ordinary folks would never have discovered – the poor people liked it’ Once again Dickens uses sarcasm and irony to mock the board and criticise their intelligence. Rules and regulations were put into order, to try and make the workhouses run smoothly. Separating the men and women and children, having routines for breakfast, dinner, tea and super. Having small meals of thin gruel that barely filled an inch of the workers stomach; and yet the board thought this was decent of them, decent of them to have given the poor an option to starve slowly and painfully or to starve them quickly. Oliver throughout the novel is a passive character, at this point in the novel Oliver acts for the first time. After a little encouragement from his friends sat having the little bit of gruel for dinner he gets up and asks the master for some more. ‘Please, sir, I want some more. ‘ Now the master was a fat and healthy man. Oliver in the novel is always seen alongside with fat, well fed, healthy men and women. This produces a lot of imagery for the reader. Oliver is continually described as little, thin, small and we because Dickens always puts Oliver alongside people in a contrasting body appearance it makes the audience feel even more sympathy towards Oliver because Dickens reiterates how small Oliver is and adds to this effect by putting him with people who are of a healthy manner. The master’s reaction to Oliver asking for more leaves a lot to be desired for Oliver Twist. The master did not just go along with Oliver and place more food into Oliver’s bowl, like he should have done as Oliver worked very hard and deserved the food that he needed to keep him on his feet but was shocked and hesitated in dismay before hitting him over the head with the ladle he had in hand. He then grabbed the young Oliver twist and shrieked for the Beadle, Mr Bumble. Dickens exaggerates the way in which the Beadle, the master and board would have reacted at an event such as a young boy, in a workhouse, asking for more food, but it does draw attention to Dickens strong opinion about, how the food was distributed. When Mr Bumble ran into the room where the men of the board sat he was in a rather excitable state. When Mr bumble tells the board of what Oliver Twist had ‘offended’ there was a great deal of horror amongst the board.

Human Resource Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Human Resource Managment - Essay Example This paper approves that several writers have stated that the stereotypical view of diversity is limited to one of racial-ethnic diversity. This fact needs to be considered while building a multicultural team. The implementers of policy may view diversity in this fashion, or the organization itself might restrict its definition to such a narrow understanding. If organizations are to realize the full commercial advantage advantage of promoting diversity, they should have a wider understanding of the term, and more importantly, should examine what kind of diversity would help their organization most. This essay makes a conclusion that in building such a team the organization needs to show awareness to a number of factors. The organization should appreciate the fact that inherent prejudices that cannot be wiped out but can be overcome to allow smooth operation of the company. Training is one of the major inputs that will have to be employed for this purpose. The organization should also foster a conducive atmosphere that promotes mutual respect and accommodation among various groups. The experience of American Airlines in promoting a multicultural team was briefly reviewed to understand how this organization has achieved a good measure of success in this area. Apart from American’s commitment to the concept, its actions such as the promotion of Employee Resource Groups and Diversity Advisory Council have helped it to leverage the benefits arising from a multicultural team to provide better customer orientation, and help achieve business objectives more effectively.

Parents should be financially responsible for acts of vandalism by Essay

Parents should be financially responsible for acts of vandalism by their children - Essay Example There are two views about this topic. Either the children or the parents should be held responsible. The paper revolves around the fact that the parents or legal guardians should be the one paying for e.g. the paint needed to cover the graffiti created by their uncontrolled and ill disciplined wards. From here you start off the assignment and each paragraph is indented by pressing a simple tab key when starting a new paragraph. Some concerns regarding the point of view of this paper and its effects will be discussed in the following passages. Strong Argument The major reason for supporting this claim is that the children/teenagers of the post facebook era, who have forgotten the values and morals of neighborhood living will once again, be back under the strict eyes of their parents. If parents have to pay for the damages caused by their beloved sons and daughters, they will make sure that this kind of activity does not take place again. Strict discipline will be implied on the naive minds which will make them think twice before committing such an act. Enforcing Support Another section of the effect that has to be noticed here is the party whose property has been vandalized, be it public or private. The amount which can be recovered from the parents around the world in accordance with the law is not enough for the children or their parents to think over the whole scenario of vandalism (Timothy, 2008). Especially by the parents who will have to pay for the acts of little terror which can have devastating effects on the people whose property have been vandalized, monetarily and physiologically. Therefore the only way out of this situation is hefty fines and actual damages to be paid by the parents in vandalism cases. Objections Since every coin has two sides, similar is the case with this argument. Many who are against parents being held financially responsible for their children’s vandalism have certain arguments to be presented. The strongest argument tha t they bring to the table is the fact that children if aloof from any kind of punishment, due to their parents paying for the damages, will further create chaos. As the children will go wild vandalizing neighborhoods and their parents tailing them with their checkbooks in hand. But the essence of the action suggested by this paper is that when once the check has been delivered, the next time such extreme repercussions will be set for the vandals that they will think twice before performing these non-sensible acts. Do not bold, italicize or underline the subheading. Final Claim Many advantages will come out of laws that enforce parents to pay the damages. The foremost and extremely pressing point is that the root of all neighborhood evils like gangs, groups of thieves and shoplifting is vandalism. Vandalism is considered to be the stepping stone for all these evils. Boys and girls are scouted by gangs by this very mean. Penalizing parents on vandalism will make sure that the parents have a scorching eye on their wards therefore not only curbing the disease of vandalism but also stopping further crimes to be generated out of this contagious virus known as vandalism. Conclusion The whole point of this argument is the betterment of our

Knowledge Management business and economy Essay

Knowledge Management business and economy - Essay Example Users can view information in a context they understand, providing a more efficient and intuitive way to communicate. To achieve this kind of enterprise-wide information integration, companies need to describe and share, in a common way, the data in their disparate data sources. This should include the business description associated with the information asset, as well as location, connection details, data type details, and the information's relationship with other resources. Sharing this information leads to an increased visibility of information across an enterprise, shorter development times, and reduced operational costs as the organization can discover and eliminate redundant information sources. The author explored in this paper how metadata repositories and data mining are used in knowledge management and how Metadata and Data Mining Management streamline the application development process by reducing the development, deployment, and maintenance costs. This is made possible by the use of Metadata Repositories and Data Mining for logical, physical, and process aspects of the application environment, when tracking versions of the code and documenting all aspects of the application development life cycle. According to Brackett (2000), by providing a complete, integrated view of the development environment, Metadata helps identify redundant processes and applications, thereby reducing duplicated efforts. Developers can share and reuse existing objects such as data structures, programs, model definitions, and more. In addition, enterprise impact analysis greatly reduces the analysis and maintenance phase of the development life cycle. In his paper, English (1999), stressed that "to achieve enterprise-wide information integration, companies need to describe and share, in a common way, the data in their different data sources. This should include the business description associated with the information asset, as well as its location, connection details, data type details, and the information's relationship with other resources. Sharing this information leads to an increased visibility across an enterprise, shorter development times, reduced operational costs as redundant information sources are identified and eliminated, and improved data quality as organizations begin to reuse approved information. The best way to manage and share this information is through a centralized Enterprise Repository that drives the connections between data, process, and applications, enforces standards, and is available to all employees". The need for a Metadata Repository is recognized when the number of applications in an organization increases and the time to design these applications decreases. However, most often they focus primarily on implementing a tool and neglect the Metadata Management aspect. This results in a Repository that is easily accessible, but not often used because the information lacks

Brief the UK company on business and national cultural norms in the Assignment

Brief the UK company on business and national cultural norms in the host country - Assignment Example Within an organization, the way how members interconnect, plan and make choices is largely influenced by beliefs, rules of conduct, attitudes, values and norms. Every organization has its own norms, customs, values, expectations and cultures that effect the interaction or behavior of the employees towards administration, associates, colleagues and collaboration between one another to achieve organizational goals. Norms are guidelines set by organizations to workers to be recognized and help them to accomplish its objectives. Members of the organization are directed to learn and follow various proceedings that occur at work and answer to them that expose businesses guiding norms and values (Gannon and Pillai, 2010) There are number of aspects that effect business success and offer its more development and growth. Business activity is directly affected by the values people follow and culture is demonstrated as the edge where certain set of values work. Values, beliefs and attitudes that are occasionally donated to as â€Å"Culture†, has an unchallengeable role in human actions and growth. It appears that in order to contribute in nation’s economic wealth and happiness, there must be a certain set of moral codes and values that assist in doing business (Chang, 2006). Certainly, values play the chief role in decision-building, as they direct attitude to one condition or another. Business success can be influenced by the values of individuals, their attitudes and principles as these features direct their action and behavior. Cultural elements have an important influence on the growth of business. Each society has its own elements of culture (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2007). These factors of culture are demonstrated through: verbal, Nonverbal, religion, Language, manners, actions, education, aesthetics, social society and material elements. Adjustment of these essentials for an international company governs on its degree in

Communicating at work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Communicating at work - Essay Example Non verbal communication includes memos, emails, and other social softwares. To develop a perfect sort of communication at work it is necessary that some elements are kept into view. This brief would further take all these elements into view and provide with the related needs of communication at work and other places (Taylor 2001). To develop an effective interpersonal communication network at work it is necessary for the individuals to keep several factors in mind while communicating. Businesses nowadays usually are dependent upon the communication networks. For e.g. if an employee needs to get a particular good manufactured, it is necessary for him to contact the manufacturer to tell him what good does he need. Thus it is necessary that an effective network is made. To achieve this it is necessary for the person who is communicating to achieve clarity. By clarity here it is meant that the person who is communicating should be very clear in stating his thesis of the message. The words chosen by the communicator should be very precise which are clear enough for the other individuals intellect. Thus it is necessary that the communicator does not drag his message up to critical levels where the other listener gets confused by the message. This confusion can therefore lead to several other problems in the workpla ce (Kelly 1979 & Taylor 2001). The communicator should make it a point that he is direct when communicating at work. The communicator should not involve irrelevant messages while he communicates as these irrelevant messages can lead to errors at the workplace. The misconception about reaching the point in communication at workplaces is that the communicator usually thinks that adding up other points may give him an advantage but this rather creates an absurd image in which one can miss out the main points of the original message. So it can be concluded that in

Four Elements of a Valid Business Contract Assignment - 5

Four Elements of a Valid Business Contract - Assignment Example Acceptance: This is the second step of formulating a contract. After the offer is being made by the service provider – both bidder and the service provider need to come to a common ground and accept each other’s offer then only a contract can be formulated. Consideration: Consideration is another key element of a valid contract. It can be regarded as the mutual consent between the parties or in the contract. It is expected from both the parties that certain special aspects would be considered in the contract to make it strong. There are many types of contracts that can be entered in the UK. There are four types of contracts that can be entered in the UK (Elliott & Quinn, 2007). All the four types of contracts are important and impactful in any business. Verbal Contract: As the name suggests this contract is a contract that is expressed in words. This contract is in contrast to other contracts, which is implied by the actions of the parties. There are two ways by which it can be implied – one is implied in fact and the other one is implied in law. A verbal contract is a frequently misused expression. Written Contract: This is another form of contract that is suggested by the court of law in the UK. This is the most commonly used form of contract and known to be more impactful compared to other types of contracts as all the clauses for the business are well written, understood and signed by the parties of the business. Online Contract: The online contract is nothing but the contract formation and shared via email or website. In this type of contract, the sign is made electronically. This form of contract saves both time and money for the parties in the contract.

Sociology of Marriage and Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sociology of Marriage and Family - Essay Example As Andrew Sullivan has argued, if the future of marriage is a critical ground of contestation in the wider world, it is hardly surprising that lesbians and gays should focus their demands on it. If parenting is perceived as in major need of rethinking, then why should non-heterosexuals be excluded from the debate? They should be given equal rights and norms like heterosexuals. If families get ever more complex as a result of divorce, remarriage, recombination, and step-parenting, why should the chosen families of lesbians and gays be denied a voice? Even the ghost of uncontrolled homosexuality has been downplayed in today’s recent sexual world, it is amazing that despite the greater public presence of homosexual couples, researchers suggest that self-identified non-heterosexuals from a tiny percentage of a given population. There is still a surprisingly high degree of stability in family relationships, even if, as the form is changing. One of the most fundamental issues lies in the decline of the traditional heterosexual centrality of marriage as it is seen that heterosexual marriages involve the contribution of two partners more tended towards the family issues. At its most evocative, this type is seen as a haven of trust, mutual involvement and shared responsibilities, which many argue offers the best hope for a communitarian culture. But the fact, which is neglected today, is this haven of trust which builds communitarian culture serves as the basis for today’s major issues like a break-up, divorce, separation etc.... If families get ever more complex as a result of divorce, remarriage, recombination and step-parenting, why should the chosen families of lesbians and gays, composed of lovers, ex-lovers and friends, be denied a voice (Catherine, 2001, p. 25) Even the ghost of uncontrolled homosexuality has been downplayed in today's recent sexual world, it is amazing that despite the greater public presence of homosexual couples, researchers suggest that self-identified non-heterosexuals form a tiny percentage of a given population. There is still a surprisingly high degree of stability in family relationships, even if, as the form is changing. (Catherine, 2001, p. 25) One of the most fundamental issue, lies in the decline of the traditional heterosexual centrality of marriage as it is seen that heterosexual marriages involves the contribution of two partners more tended towards the family issues. At its most evocative, this type is seen as a haven of trust, mutual involvement and shared responsibilities, which many argue offers the best hope for a communitarian culture. But the fact, which is neglected today, is this haven of trust which builds communitarian culture serves as the basis for today's major issues like break-up, divorce, separation etc. So, in these circumstances what is the harm if one seeks his/her satisfaction in homosexual affair. The privileging of homosexual patterns is vividly apparent even in the most liberal discussions of the family and sexual diversity. On the one hand, many theoreticians give verbal recognition to the variety of family forms, and shift their concerns to the quality of relationships, and to the care of

The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

The Crucible by Arthur Miller Essay The Crucible by Arthur Miller, is set in 1692, on the Salem witch trials and compared with McCarthyism in 1950s, the time it was written. The Crucible is a fictional retelling of events in American history surrounding the Salem witch trials of the seventeenth century, yet it is as much a product of the time in which Miller wrote it, the early 1950s, as it is a description of a Puritan society. I will be describing my ideas on the performance and the production of the asides in act one of The Crucible. One of the main motives of asides is to explain the similarities in 1690s and1950s. The Crucible is a story with an underlying meaning as well as the literal one. Although 1690s and 1950s are very different, Miller has portrayed the same allegory. Miller is trying to prove that history repeats itself. He does this by proving that people were stupid to believe in witches in the seventeenth century, just like people believed in McCarthyism in America in the 1950s. Today we are repeating similar mistakes, as we consider war as the solution to the Iraq crisis. Getting the message across to audience is very hard as it is no longer 1950s nor do people know much about McCarthyism. During the 1690s Puritans also repressed in England and power then was held by Church, theocracy, those who were landowners held a lot of power. Cromwell had taken power by junta. At that time Salem was in a state of unrest because the old laws were no longer as necessary. Witch-hunting was also causing unrest in Salem. The crisis, of witchcraft, began to increase and doubts began to develop concerning the vitality of the charge. Just like in America the educated people of the colony began efforts to end the witch-hunting hysteria that had surrounded Salem. To explain this complicated allegory successfully, asides are used. 1950s was a decade of unrest in America as there were a lot of economical depressions following world war two, democracy and capitalism problems. More over McCarthy was troubling people by misusing his powers. The hunting down and prosecuting of any Americans who were thought to have taken part in anti-capitalism. The accusations became hysterical and many people were asked to name names of people in meeting held many years previously. By 1962 many people started going against McCarthy. Miller uses the Salem witch-hunt to present his views on McCarthyism, The prosecuting of any Americans who were thought to have taken part in anti-capitalism, is similar to the hunting down of suspects of witchcraft. The asides are a very effective way of telling long story in short. The narrator may explain the situations, introduce new characters or even give his own opinion to get the message across to the audience. The narrator is particularly needed for Act 1, as the setting and different characters need to be introduced to audience. Another reason why asides are important to be narrated is, the allegory in the story for which the audience needs to follow the story right from the beginning. Therefore it is vital that the narrator of the aside is someone, who the audience is likely to pay attention to. Ideally a literate person who can judge people correctly and has the power to catch the audiences attention with his voice. I think its a good idea if the narrator is one of the charters from the play. Having one of the characters to narrate the play is a very effective method of providing information to audience. He is likely to get more attention because the audience is familiar with the person. In A view from the Bridge Miller uses a lawyer to narrate the play, which I think works really well because he used someone who is very intelligent and respected. Similarly a positive character could be used in this play to talk to audience. I chose Reverend John Hale, from this play to read the aside in act one, as the audience will be more familiar with the character when he comes later on in the act and introduces himself. Miller is interested in people who do not allow them to be caught up in hysteria but think for themselves and stand up for their believes against all odds. Similarly Hale backs this point, towards the end where he learns how things are going wrong. Hale changes his opinions as he gets more knowledge about the things going around him. The narrators opinion about things needs to be the same as that of author, because a person with different views cannot talk about views, which he does not believe in. Miller believes that society is never an excuse for our failings, and that we are responsible for ourselves, such a person is John. John tries to save the lives of innocent people wrongly accused of witchcraft. He is the only Judge who tried to save Reverend Proctor. However human weakness and guilt sometimes drag him down but still his character is positive. As millers describes John He feels himself allied with the best minds of Europe Miller is trying to say how self-centred John is but at the same time he is telling us that John is intelligent. The audience is more likely to listen to such person because of his reputation. The key reason for having a character from the play as a narrator is that the audience is familiar with the person; therefore Hale should narrate the asides in his normal character clothes, speech and movement. A good way of introducing characters is to let the person perform their most common role in the background and the narrator standing in front talking about the person. For example when Reverend Parris is introduced, John Hale could be standing in the front saying, there is very little good to be said for him. while Parris is in meeting in Church talking, but has no one listening. Since the asides in this play are not only introduction, doing so will lose the consistency of the asides, and the audience will not be clear whether its an aside or part of the play. Therefore while he is standing motionless on the stage and reading the asides where the stage is dark and a spotlight on the character and deep voice with no background music. The shining of bright light on Hale while the stage is all black will give him almost a god like image. Its only him talking and, there is no other option but listen to him. The pause in music will make the audience concentrate on the aside by having nothing else but John to listen to. His voice should have extra bass added to it. Radio experiments show that if the voice of presenters have bass then the listeners are more likely to remember what they listen to. The stage is all difficult to obscure and there is only one glow in the theatre approaching from John Hale while he states about Parris in his deep tone his house stood in a town but we would hardly call it a village today. The best way to perform asides in this play is to have a character from the play narrate the asides while full attention is given to him. The most suitable character would be Hale because the way he thinks about matters and his intelligence make him exceptional.

Physical Activity Among School Age Children

Physical Activity Among School Age Children I am looking at physical activity among school ages children K-12. Physical Education programs and recess are being cut across the country, so that more time and can be spent on increasing test scores. It is no secret that, todays kids are much less active than in past generations and their health is suffering due to their lack of activity. I want to create a survey, or try to combine ones that already have been used, to assess how kids feel towards physical activity. I also am interested in their opinions on what types of activities they would like to be doing in physical education classes. Research questions: I think that if kids were given the ability to choose the activities offered in Physical Education class, they will be more actively involved in the activity since they picked it. I think that if given the choice, kids will pick lifestyle activities as opposed to team sports, which is the current popular focus of physical education. There will be no difference in the amount of physical activity between inner city kids and rural kids. Abstract There is an epidemic brewing in this country now, with the lack of physical activity among children and adults. This lack of activity has lead to an exponential increase in obesity related diseases. The lack of physical activity is being confounded by school districts that are cutting recess and physical education programs. At this point nearly 40% of American elementary schools either eliminated or were considering eliminating recess [1]. It has been documented many times that lack of physical activity leads to a decrease in the quality of life for the individual not partaking in any physical activity. The CDC found that the amount of TV that children watch directly correlates with the measures of their body fat [1]. I think that children should be given a voice in what types of physical activity they would like to do in school since it is to their benefit to exercise. Introduction It is no secret that there is a major problem with obesity in America today. One of the biggest contributing factors to this epidemic is the lack of physical activity in children. I consider myself more active than most of my peers however; even I struggled to do all the requirements for the presidential fitness test in primary school gym class. Today, two thirds of American children cant pass a basic physical: 40 percent of boys and 70 percent of girls ages six to seventeen cant manage more than one-pull-up; and 40% show early signs of heart and circulation problems, according to a recent report by the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness and Sports [1]. More than just a lack of overall physical activity, children today are much more likely to be found inside. When fourth graders were asked why they play indoors rather than outdoors, one responded by saying I like to play indoors better cause thats where all the electrical outlets are [1]. Although it may have always been the case, today it seems politicians are the ones who are deciding what is really important in schools and what should be left out. There is an obsession going on right now about improving math and science test scores. To increase class time for these subjects the schools are cutting out recess and physical education classes. This emphasis has led to many schools dropping their recess programs and reducing their Physical education time to a minimal. A teacher was asked about the Physical Education of her students at the school where she worked, in which she responded that with all the testing in schools there is no time for physical education, let alone exploring the outdoors. In one of my kindergarten classes, the kids get to run to a fence and then run back. Thats their PE [1]. I have been unable to locate any evidence that show scores on math and science tests have increased due to more time spent in the class. I have come across multiple papers cl aiming students that are more physical active have higher test scores than students who do not, but I have not found any scientific evidence to prove these claims. Without scientific proof I can only predict that students that are physical active will have higher test scores based on personal experience. I know that the more physically active I am the better I feel dealing with the stresses of school life. The point of this study is to find out how we as a society can increase physical activity levels in children. It is extremely frustrating to me to think of how kids today do not have the ability to have recess and blow of some stress that has built up over the course of the day. I know from personal experience that recess was a very fun time for me and I was excited about what type of non-structured activity my friends and I were going to do that do at recess. I do not know why it does not shock more people but I cannot believe that more is not being done over the fact that todays children are going to have a shorter lifespan than their parents generation. If my study finds that kids are more inclined to choose lifestyle activities in PE class as opposed to team sports, I feel that should be taken into account on a national level. Physical activity levels need to be increased regardless of the location of the school (inner city vs. rural). Three research questions of particular inter est to me are; 1) I think that if kids were given the ability to choose the activities offered to them during Physical education class, they will be more actively involved in the activity since they had a role in selecting it. 2) I think that if given the choice, kids will pick lifestyle activities as opposed to team sports, which seems to be the focus of physical education today. 3) I also think there will be no difference in the amount of physical activity between inner city kids and rural kids. I will select schools from Northeastern Pennsylvania. I want to select schools that represent all types of income levels. To select the schools I will simple draw a quadrant over the state of Pennsylvania, if the school district falls in the Northeast section, a survey will be sent to that school. I will then take into account the location of that school by zip code and make sure that I have a balanced ratio of rural and inner city schools. I am doing this to determine what relationship th e area in which the children live has on their levels of physical activity. Review of the Literature Authors Jan Fenczyn and Czeslaw Szmigiel conducted a study to determine attitudes towards physical activity among girls and boys with simple obesity. Their study found that the attitudes of the young people towards compulsory physical exercises and active movement outside of school were tested by means of an original questionnaire developed by the authors. The results of the research show that overweight young people of both sexes attempt more often to avoid physical activity (movement) than their non-obese peers, both during physical education classes and outside school. Sex turned out to be a factor that differentiated attitudes towards physical activity. Almost total avoidance of physical activity by obese girls as compared with obese boys was observed. The boys to a greater extent than the girls did engage in physical exercise. The results of the research show the necessity for increased interaction to strengthen motivation to take up physical activities by obese pupils, particul arly girls. What is also worth considering is ones potential for physical fitness amongst young people when choosing activities, which becomes limited due to existing obesity [2]. It has been determined from literature reviews of peer-reviewed literature that interventions focusing on increasing activity performed during physical education were more effective than those targeting overall levels of physical activity. Strategies to promote activity during adolescence are needed to combat the decline in activity during the transition from school to work [3]. The amount of time students participate varies, depending on the school district. There is also a variation among grade levels, on the amount of time required in Physical Education. A study published in the SportsMed Journal found that, PE times range widely from 30 minutes to 5 hours/week in the lower school grades, but in many high schools, PE is not required during of the final 2-3 years of education. Minor adjustments to current PE and/or school based PA programmes have yielded a variety of potential short-term benefits. Relative to traditional PE, it has been observed in grade 9 girls that PE classes that were oriented toward personal fitness instruction (conceptual PE) resulted in a decrease of sedentary behaviour 1 year later. Other programmes resulted in an enhancement of school spirit, increased participant self-esteem, greater academic progress, alleviation of learning disabilities, short-term amelioration in various components of physical fitness, improved fundamental moto r skills and a reduced risk of juvenile delinquency. School PE interventions have also been used to control blood pressure, and cardiovascular risk factors, and to increase bone mass in both pre-pubescent children and early pubertal girls. However, not all of the benefits claimed are documented by well designed experimental studies. Furthermore, a number of controlled investigations of PE programmes have found little difference in body fat between experimental and control groups. One study showed that one additional weekly hour of PE during kindergarten was associated with a decrease of body mass index (BMI) the following school year in a sample of American overweight and borderline schools overweight girls. However, in girls with adequate BMI or in boys, no such effect was measured [4]. An important study that was reviewed by Francois Trudeau and Roy. Shephard was The Trois-Rivieres Growth and Development study. For this growth and development study, A total of 546 primary school students, both boys and girls, were recruited for their study. Approximately equal numbers of students were allocated to experimental and control programmes, based simply on their year of enrollment in school. Immediately preceding and succeeding years served as controls for the experimental cohort. The experimental students received 1 hour/day of a quality, specialist taught PE programme in grades 1 through 6. In the first 2 years, emphasis was placed on the learning of motor skills, and in subsequent years, a wide variety of indoor and outdoor activities were practiced with a view to developing both aerobic and muscular endurance. The primary objective of the intervention was to keep all students as active as possible throughout the nominal class hour of PE. The intensity of activity was checked by telemetry and further proof of an effective intervention was seen in significant increases of physical fitness. The experimental intervention was terminated when the children left primary school for high school, at an age of 11-12 years, but participants were recalled when they had reached the age of 30-35 years. At this later stage in their life course the authors examined perceived PA, lifestyle, attitudes towards PA and selected physical fitness variables in a sub sample of participants and controls. The long term effects of the intervention were assessed by two types of comparison: (i) between members of the original experimental and control cohorts; and (ii) between experimental subjects and a matched cohort of controls from other parts of Quebec who had participated in a province wide survey of PA and health. The latter comparison was intended to check for potential cross contamination between experimental and control subjects. Such contamination was minimal during the intervention phase of the study, but remained a distinct possibility in subsequent years particularly for the rural cohort. Although >20 years had elapsed since the intervention, 76.8% of experimental subjects were able to recall the name of their PE teacher in primary school and 71.4% remembered that they had received five PE classes per week. Among women from the experimental group, the percentage currently participating in at least three sessions of strenuous activity per week was substantially higher in the experimental than in the control sample (42.1% vs. 25.9%). However, no such difference was observed among men. One question asked of the subjects was: do you exercise or perform physical work at least three times a week? In females only, a positive answer to this question (i.e. a higher frequency of current weekly PA) was significantly associated with previous participation in the enhanced primary-school PE programme. Females exercising more than three times per week had previously also been more involved in intense, organized intense, non-organized intense and recreational intense PA as well as in PE instruction. The association between enhanced primary school PE and an exercise frequency higher than three times per week as an adult confirmed previously reported findings [4]. Trudeau and Shephard also found a survey of retrospective questions of adults in Dallas, Texas. This revealed a surprising prevalence of negative attitudes towards exercise imposed at school. Adult PA was lower when the frequency of being forced to exercise before adolescence was higher. However, it was unclear if PE was considered as much an imposed PA as organized sports [4]. There are many different types of interventions that have tried to increase Physical activity. It was found that among children, studies that focused on increasing physical activity during physical education lessons, as well as incorporating curriculum and/or environmental changes, were more effective than curriculum only interventions. Previous research suggests that children may compensate for higher levels of PA during school by reducing their PA outside school. Interventions that utilized activity breaks and those that made simple environmental changes in the school setting also showed promise. Although not always reported, such strategies are likely to be sustainable, little training is required, and they are likely to promote less structured types of physical activity that can be performed any time with little equipment [5]. Although PA decline among boys is becoming smaller, among girls it seems to be increasing. PA decline was basically the same 21% between self reported (questionnaire) and objective (accelerometry) measure in an analysis of a sub sample of adolescents from 11-12 to 13-14 years old. The decrease in PA may be positively associated with its baseline level, although a possible effect of regression to the mean phenomenon may not be ruled out. That is, those with high levels of baseline PA can potentially present a large decrease in PA levels, compared with those who start with lower PA levels. The decline seems to be higher in adolescents of low socio-economic level and lower in adolescents with more social friend support. It was presumed that physical activity level declined during the lifespan, particularly in adolescence. However, there were no studies quantifying this change or pooling results for a common interpretation. Having conducted a systematic review of the international litera ture, we found consistent evidence showing that physical activity declines over adolescence. On average, the mean percentage physical activity decline per year, across all studies reviewed, was 7.0% (95% CI: 8.8 to _5.2). Although earlier studies revealed a higher physical activity decline among boys, the decline has been greater among girls in more recent studies. Moreover, although the decline among girls was greater at younger ages (9-12 years old), among boys it was greater at older ages (13-16 years old). Interventions that attempt to attenuate the physical activity decline, even without an increase in physical activity levels, could be considered as effective [6]. Purpose and Rationale The purpose of this study is to find out why kids are not as physical active today as kids of previous generations. Some barriers as to why they do not like to do physical activity are listed as lack of facilities, such as playgrounds, gyms, sporting grounds, swimming pools, green spaces or cycle lanes, as well as safety issues that include too much traffic, the presence of teenage gangs, no or unclear traffic signs and bad condition of cycle lanes and footpaths. Conditions at school are often not optimal either, due to too short breaks and lack of space to play. Lack of organized activities for younger children and lack of sports organizations contribute to children doing little physical activity. Low-income families regarded the price of doing sports in a sports club as a major obstacle, although they would see the participation of their children in organized activities as a way to keep them in a safe environment [7]. It is very important that this epidemic be understood and fixed in todays society. The independent variables for my study will be gender, age and zip code of the school districts involved in the study. The dependent variables of my study are how much physical activity do they participate in daily, if the children do any physical activity, and what types of physical activity do they choose to do. If it comes back that students would rather play team sports, more research needs to be done to figure out why then do students have such low physical activity levels if they are most interested in team sports. Perhaps liability issues have discouraged schools from allowing students to play pick-up basketball and football games on school grounds, so kids have nowhere to play their team sports that interest them the most. I do not really understand why common sense cannot be employed by people today. If my kid(s) were playing pick-up basketball and broke an arm or were injured some other way, I would not even think of it being anyones fault. Things someti mes happen when kids are being kids and it should not be the schools fault. Without threat of legal action, kids may be provided use of school grounds during time off from school, thus being able to play teams sports with their friends. However if my hypotheses do come true it is extremely important to implement this studys findings. Children today need to be given the opportunity to be physical active and start reversing the health complications that they may have started by being so inactive. Methods A search of relevant peer reviewed literature was conducted by using EBSCOhost. Academic Search Complete, Alt HealthWatch, CINAHL, Education Research Complete, Health Source, MEDLINE, SocINDEX, SPORTDiscuss were selected for use on this topic. Physical activity in youth, attitudes towards physical activity, effectiveness of physical activity interventions, effectiveness of physical activity campaigns, youth and outdoor education were all different searches I did in order to find relevant sources. Sources were used if the seemed to provide information specifically on physical activity in youth or they provided insight on the barriers between youth and physical activity. I am interested in increasing physical activity in all children grades K-12. I had to piece together different studies because the ones I was able to find were very specific on ages. For example, ages 9-11 or ages 6-10 or high school students only were what some studies were focused on. Physical activity levels are a p roblem for all ages of children today and it needs to be increased for all ages of people infant to adult. I would like to sample schools from varying economic backgrounds. I do not believe there will be a difference in the amount of Physical activity between inner city children and rural children, however the activities they might wish to do, may differ. I will provide students K-12 with a survey so that their attitudes, what they would like to have offered, and what they would like to change can be accessed. I will select 250 schools, equally representing inner city, rural, and suburbs schools. They will be put into groups based on the median salaries for each town that the schools are located in. I think that rural schools will choose activities that are less expensive and more outdoors in nature, such as hiking, fishing, camping etc. I predict that inner city kids may choose activities such as wall-ball, or playing in the park. I predict that children going to schools in the sub urbs will choose to do activities that tend to cost more money, such as skiing or snowboarding, indoor rock climbing gyms and fitness centers. I also am predicting that regardless of the area each student lives, they will pick one of these lifestyle activities as opposed to organized team sports where it can be more embarrassing for students that do not possess the skill level needed to do team activities, like football, volleyball and baseball to name a few. At this point I am gathering data to show that there is a need to provide alternatives to the current curriculum in physical education. Kids should have the choice on which physical activities they wish to pursue so that they are more likely to find activities that they continue to do for the rest of their lives. It is highly unlikely that team sports, such as football and volleyball, will be played by anyone once they get out of high school and college. People at that point in their life are much more likely to run, bike, or hike, and if they have prior experience doing these activities they will be much more comfortable doing that by themselves when they are out of grade school. I will not manipulate the experiment in any way. I wish to find out what students with ranging demographics, want to do for physical activity and why they do not do any now. I am looking to provide participants with the ability to have input on what they would like to see being taught to them. I think that students know that it is not healthy to not exercise, but that they are not interested in what they are being provided with as options for physical activity. Once information is collected on what types of activities they wish to be given the opportunity to do, I believe that their opinions should be taken seriously and be given significant consideration by the teachers when creating their lesson plans. The information from my research will be more for the benefit of the teachers and other physical activity instructors, so that they can see how to best provide others with the information that they need to be the most physically active that they can be in their daily lives. Statistical Tools to be Employed Data gathered from my survey comparing grade level vs. grade level, ordinal data, and the amount of physical activity ( ratio data, min/day), will need to use a T-test independent samples to analyze this data. Data from my survey set it up comparing gender, nominal data, and the amount of physical activity (ratio data, min/day), a T-test independent sample like above to analyze the data. Information comparing zip code (inner city vs. rural, nominal) and amount of physical activity (ratio data, min/day), will also need to use a T-test independent sample. I will create a survey, Likert type scale, and then look at how those scores ranked when comparing gender and zip code with the type and amount of physical activity. A Mann-Whitney U test will need to be preformed when looking at the data generated from my likert scale when comparing zip code and gender with this scale. The data collected will help determine what factors impact Physical Activity levels in kids in relation to their difference in gender or zip code. I also will be able to draw conclusions on what type of Physical Activities that kids would prefer to do if given complete control over what activities they were offered at school. From this, it can be recommended what could possibly be done in order to increase the levels of PA among children. Summary of data If my data confirms my predictions, I will be able to see what some of the reasons are as to why kids are not active today like they used to be in previous generations. I think that the increase in availability of technology has a role in why kids would rather be inside than outside. I also think parents are showing a lack of interest in spending time doing physical activity as a family now-a-days. If parents do not wish to increase physical activity levels then it must be left to the school to increase the amount of activity. In addition to physical education, schools can promote physical activity in a variety of other ways. For example, physical education teachers might provide ideas for fitness breaks to classroom teachers, where 5-minute aerobic activities could be used to break up the school day. Extracurricular physical activity programs may also be employed, which could coordinate physical activities with community agencies and provide physical and social environments that enc ourage and enable physical activity. If there is a difference between kids living in different areas, more opportunities could be offered to expose kids from each area to more activities that they previously had no experience with. I also think more unstructured physical activity time during school or after school would go a long way in promoting physical activity for fun rather than for a specific sport or reason.

Politics and Love in Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra Essay -- Anton

Politics and Love in Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra Although the political struggles in Antony and Cleopatra are often treated as backdrops to the supposedly more engaging love affair between the two title characters, these struggles permeate the entire play, and give the love story its heightened sense of importance and tragedy. The relationship between Antony and Cleopatra would not have attained its renown and immortality had they not had been extremely powerful and public figures. The conflict between public duty and personal desire is the underlying theme of the play, and how the characters respond to this conflict is what imbues the play with suspense and interest. This conflict is most clearly seen in Antony who is caught between his role as a triumvir of Rome and his love for the Egyptian Queen. By allowing his all-consuming passion to overwhelm his sense of responsibility, he loses his half of the empire to Octavian. Octavian, on the other hand, consistently places the interests of the state before his own. Although he is cal culating, shrewd, and unscrupulous, all of his thoughts are devoted to the ruling of Rome; politics is his one interest, and power his only obsession. Cleopatra as ruler is often treated secondarily to Cleopatra as seductress and lover. While most of the obvious power struggle is between Antony and Octavian, one cannot ignore Cleopatra's involvement. Throughout the play, and particularly at the end, she demonstrates an acute political awareness as she does her utmost to secure what is best for Egypt. In a play with three powerful figures it is expected that political motivations be never far from the foreground or from the characters' minds. Antony's conflict is succinctly described at th... ...ads and embodies. Question of politics and duty are present throughout Antony and Cleopatra, and the love story cannot be considered independently of them. The private emotions of the characters are influenced by the public world that they inhabit, and their actions are not only the actions of individuals, but also of powerful leaders. WORKS CITED Bradley, A.C. "Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra". Shakespeare: Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. John Russell Brown. London: MacMillan Press Ltd., 1968. Greenblatt et al., ed. Antony and Cleopatra. The Norton Shakespeare: Tragedies. New York: W.W. Norton and Company Inc. 1997. Holloway, John. "The Action of Antony and Cleopatra. Shakespeare: Antony and Cleopatra. Ed. John Russell Brown. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. 1968. Lissner, Ivar. The Caesars: Might and Madness. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1958.

Illegal Immigrants of American Society Essay -- essays research papers

Illegal Immigrants of American Society A Realistic Approach At present, the U.S. immigration system is burdened both by policy and implementation challenges. It is barely able to meet the commitments required by law and policy and is ill-prepared to address new challenges and mandates. Agreement that the system is broken may be the only point of consensus among many diverse stakeholders. The Task Force believes that immigration laws and policies are broken in four ways: . There is an increasing disconnection between law and reality that undermines the rule of law, breeds disrespect for American values and institutions, and makes it more difficult to garner domestic support for immigration and advance U.S. values overseas. . Some immigration policies hamper rather than encourage economic growth, impeding responses to global economic changes and cyclical industry needs. . Immigration policies have not adequately addressed threats to national security. . Immigration integration policy is nearly nonexistent, especially at the federal level, leaving state and local governments to absorb the consequences of federally established immigration policy. According to Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, immigrants long have been part of the American landscape, reflecting our country's values and traditions. During the last decade the Midwest has seen a resurgence of its long-established tradition of immigration. Nine of twelve Midwest states had foreign-born populations that grew faster than the national average during the 1990s. These immigrants are preventing population decline, reinvigorating economic growth, and contributing to cultural diversity. Unfortunately, most immigration discussions tend to overlook the heartland of the country and our long and continuing experience with immigrants. Some in the Midwest believe that immigration here, important in itself, also is a microcosm for what is occurring across the country. They thus believe that observations, conclusions, and recommendations resonate nationwide. As I found on www.dallasfed.org, meat packing drew thousands of immigrants to the Midwest, and poultry processing did the same in the South Atlantic states. Jobs in these two industries exemplify the type of jobs new immigrants commonly fill—low-skill, blue-collar jobs. This is because a large percentage of immigrants have less than a high... ...t is evident, however in the instance that our country allows amnesty and allows the immigrants to pay legal taxes, our system may not be so burdened by these citizens.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   English first. Legislation that establishes English as the required and preeminent language throughout the United States. Public and private sectors cannot be required to provide services in alternative languages.We need to declare English as the official language of the Government of the United States. I believe that making English the official language will help immigrants assimilate and take full advantage of the economic, occupational and educational opportunities in the United States, where English is the common language. I do not believe that other countries would be teaching us their language if we moved to their country. . In conclusion, I feel that if we allow amnesty or guest worker programs in our country with chances of citizenship, I feel that we will not see increased illegal immigrants in the future because we allow them to come over legally and in a control system. I see the future role of LEGAL immigrants as assets to our country and not just burdens to our society.

Into Thin Air by Jon Krauker Essay -- Into Thin Air, Jon Krauker

The book Into Thin Air, written by Jon Krakauer, explores the struggle of man versus man and man versus nature. The very different personalities proved costly to everyone involved on the expedition. The team of climbers that were hiking toward the summit of Mt. Everest on May 10, 1996, was oblivious to what lay ahead of them. No matter how advanced the hikers were, Everest on this day would test the will and endurance of everyone attempting to reach the summit. The one element that no one person could elude was pain. Jon Krakauer stated in his book, â€Å"I quickly came to understand that climbing Everest was primarily about enduring pain† (136). At this point in the book, Jon was unaware of the events that would soon transpire. Even the most well-trained climber was at the mercy of the great mountain. The temperature change had a big effect on everyone. The temperature was well below freezing during the night and the wind chill dropped to one hundred degrees below zero. When the sun came up, the temperature would change dramatically. The ultraviolet rays were much stronger on the mou...

Moral Obligations about Charity views of Peter Singer and John Arthur Essay

The fact that we can afford to provide for ourselves even beyond our basic needs bring an important question. Is it then our duty to provide financial assistance to those who do not have enough to provide for their own basic needs? Peter Singer, in his piece, â€Å"Famine, Affluence, and Morality† would argue that we ought to prevent bad things from happening without sacrificing something of equal importance. Here is the argument Peter Singer presents to us in standard form 1) Millions of people are suffering from hunger every day. 2) Suffering and death from hunger is bad. 3) If it is within our power to prevent something bad from happening without sacrificing anything of comparable moral importance, we ought to morally do so. 4) It is within the power of affluent people to prevent hunger by sacrificing only their luxuries, which are of lesser moral importance. However, John Arthur disagrees with Singer’s conclusion in his piece, â€Å"World Hunger and Moral Obligation: The Case against Singer† and believes that although we should help those in need, it is not imperative to do so. John Arthur’s argument in basic form looks like this: 1) Singer says that all affluent people have a moral obligation to give their money to poor people to the extent that the affluent person would be on the same level as the poor person. 2) Poor people have no positive right to our assistance, because affluent people made no contract to do so. 3) Affluent people have a negative right to their property, which weighs against their obligation. Therefore, the obligation that Singer imposes on affluent people is not as extensive as Arthur. I will analyze both sides of this argument and in the end, propose my own position on this subject. Singer’s main point as stated above is that we ought to prevent bad things from happening without having to sacrifice something of equal importance. In other words, we should give to those in poverty as long as we do not put ourselves in a position of poverty. Singer starts his argument by making the assumption that it is a bad thing when people suffer and die from the lack of food and shelter. Since this is a bad thing, we ought to do something in order to prevent these things from happening without sacrificing anything of equal moral importance to ourselves. This point essentially puts the responsibility of the well-being of all people who are in some way suffering from lack of food and shelter into the hands of those who are in a position to do something about it. The fact that it is now our responsibility makes it morally wrong to not care for these people with our financial assistance. Singer does not see the act of giving money in order to prevent something bad from happening as charity, but instead as our duty. With charity comes the moral option to not give and to spend money on luxuries. If giving to prevent bad things from happening is something that we ought to do, to not do it would be wrong. Money that would have been spent on luxuries should be sent to parts of the world that need it on the basis of their lack of food, shelter, and adequate clothing. On the other hand, John Arthur brings up a strong argument against Singer. Arthur contests that a person has a right to do with their money as they please. There is no contract between ourselves and those in need, therefore we are entitled to invoke our own rights as a justification for not giving to those in need. The interesting thing about this argument is that Arthur is not saying that it is a good thing that we ignore the needs of others, but is instead saying that we have to right to not give. Arthur thinks that we are expected to give to those in need, but we also have the right to invoke our own rights of not giving to those in need. Arthur argues that if we were to live by Singer’s moral standards by following â€Å"greater moral evil rule† then we should not only give monetary charity but also give to the extent of donating parts of our bodies to help someone from dying. He says this because if you can survive without a certain body part (like a kidney) then according to Singer you should give it to someone to save their life because the kidney is less significant than a person dying  (Arthur 473). Arthur does not agree with this idea he sees this as a person violating our negative rights to property, protesting, that it’s your body, and you have a right to it, outweighs any duty you have to help. Both Arthur and Singer agree that there are millions of people suffering from hunger everyday and that this suffering causing death is a bad thing. However Singer believes that it is our moral duty to assist the poor not a choice to do so. While Arthur believes that although we should help those in need, it is not required of us to do so. Therefore the obligation that Singer imposes on people is not as extensive as that of Arthur. As a moral person, one is morally obligated to act in a way which will bring about the greatest happiness. Whether that action is positive or negative doesn’t matter to the pain or pleasure that is produced. No distinction is necessary to the morality of the action. Pain and pleasure are still the measure of moral significance that are used to judge whether a given charity is good or bad. Then the given rules of charity are used to judge the morality of an individual’s acts of charity. Arthur argues that duty to help a stranger in need would be some sort of positive right such as an agreement or contract. However when it comes to assisting in the world hunger situation there are no such agreements or contracts between flourishing countries to assist non flourishing countries. Arthur is correct in arguing that there is something more in the terms of Singer’s argument in the case about the drowning child that if we are able to prevent something bad from happening without sacrificing something of moral significance then we have the moral duty to do it. With the example of the drowning child in the shallow pond, even though we might get our clothes muddy if we were to save the child. As a consequence, like this child case, people have an obligation to rescue strangers when they have the ability to do so that it is our moral duty to do something. Arthur argues the point that these rights as well as deserts are important parts of our moral code based on values such as fairness, justice, and respect. From Arthur’s point of view, there are two significant human rights which are â€Å"negative rights† and â€Å"positive rights†. â€Å"Negative rights†, â€Å"rights of noninterference† (473) in another word, are rights not to be interfered by  anyone such as a right not to be killed. The other rights which are also ignored are â€Å"positive rights† same as called â€Å"rights of percipience† These rights are based on agreements. As long as people have an agreement something, they have a right to receive it. In addition to rights, desert is a second form of entitlement. As an example, a hard working farmer is able to harvest a lot of wheat as a result of his great effort. On the other hand, a lazy farmer is starving because of his laziness. In this case, the hard working farmer should not have any obligation to give wheat to the lazy farmer. Thus, the farmer should consider â€Å"fairness, justice, and respect.† (474). In this case is the farmer who worked hard be obligated to give some of his harvest to the farmer who didn’t do anything to secure a harvest to provi de for him and his family. Looking at Singer’s view on charity makes me wonder, He believes that as citizens of affluent countries we are morally obligated to donate most of our wealth to the starving poor of countries unable to provide for their own with their basic needs to survive like food, shelter and adequate clothing. That theory sounds great, however I have a problem with the fact that are focusing on the welfare of the struggling poor in other countries, while we ignore the suffering of our own right here in our backyard. Yes, I said the United States of America should take care of its own first. Before we spend our precious dollars taking care of the rest of the world. Let me say I cannot fathom a world as progressive as ours and yet people are still starving and dying right here in our own backyard. But it is a reality. Billions of dollars are given to aid so many other countries. While less and less is used here to provide relief for our own who are suffering. So, what is my point you say, my point is we spend a lot of money taking care of people around the world. As a society we are generous. Everyday I listen to politicians and others pointing fingers at each other playing the blame game for our economic crisis. Blaming the Republicans, or blaming the Democrats, Blaming the rich or poor, but the fact is all the blame in the world isn’t fixing the problem. Seeing all the dollar amounts being used to fund all these different relief efforts worldwide is simply amazing. But just think how far those dollars would go if they were to keep them here in the United States and use them to help keep a family member or a neighbor from losing  their home or life. Why are we providing billions of dollars in scholarship aid to foreign students when graduates of our own high schools can’t afford a college education? Why are our religious organizations donati ng billions of dollars to provide health care and literacy programs to foreign countries when our own kids are on Medicaid and illiterate? How much money would go back into restoring our own economy and helping citizens of the United States of America if we kept our money here? Will become the nation known for letting its own people suffer while we take care of the suffering in other countries. Will we keep playing the blame game and turn our backs to the pain and suffering of the people on our own soil. If so, maybe we should change our name to â€Å"The United States Charitable Citizens for the Rest of the World.†

Poem Comparing Essay

Good evening Mr. Georges and fellow classmates, I have researched about 2 poems and made a comparison between the two. I’m here today to talk to you about them and see what you think at the end of the speech. The two poems I researched were (on the sea, author John Keats) and (sea fever, author John Masefield). as you can see from the title of the poems that they are bot about the sea but don’t be confused, they’re both completely different stories. Both of these poems talk about the sea, they are both referring to the sea as a human and identifying it in a human characteristic kind of way. As we can see along the sonnet (on the sea), the author uses terms as uproar rude, mighty swell, caverns, and vexed, desolate shores. He also mentions The Greco-Roman goddess Hecate associated with magic and the wild. This is referring to the sea and how ruthless it can be. This poem deals with nature, focusing on its wild and violent side. This poem also reflects on human actions. The poem is comparing the nature with the human being, because we can also get wild and violent. It seems a criticism of the alienation of the human being -above all when living and working in big cities. So the author may be calling our attention – the speaker of the poem addresses to us (Oh ye!) -And giving us a piece of advice- not to underestimate nature. John Masefield’s poem â€Å"Sea Fever† is a work of art that brings beauty to the English language through its use of rhythm, imagery and many complex figures of speech. The imagery in â€Å"Sea Fever† suggests an adventurous ocean that appeals to all five senses. Along with an adventurous ocean, â€Å"Sea Fever† also sets a mood of freedom through imagery of traveling gypsies. These poems both use a rhythmic tone in their stanzas. In the sonnet â€Å"sea fever† lines 3 and four, it uses rhythmic language, these lines say â€Å"And the wheel’s kick and the wind’s song and the white sail’s shaking, And a grey mist on the sea’s face, and a grey dawn breaking† These are just two lines in the poem but if you actually read the poem you can see examples of rhyme throughout the whole poem. In the sonnet â€Å"On the sea† examples of rhythmic language can be found in the lines 4 and 5, these lines say â€Å"Of Hecate leaves them their old shadowy sound, Often tis in such gentle temper found† and as in the first sonnet, this sonnet also has rhythmic language throughout the whole poem. These poems also have their differences; they each talk about the sea but in a different perception. The sonnet, (on the sea), talks about the sea and how angry it can be, it is comparing the sea with human actions and is warning the humans to be careful of the nature. It talks about the Greco-Roman goddess Hecate associated with magic and the wild. I wonder if the author is referring to something that happened to his life that made him so angry to write this poem, what do you think it could be? The Author uses language techniques like Personification, Capitalisation and rhyme. He personifies the Sea in line 5 by saying it has a gentle temper. The author uses capitalization for the word †Sea† which makes me believe that he was trying to make the subject of the poem a human. â€Å"He uses Rhyme throughout the whole poem and it does make the poem seem more interesting to read. The sonnet (sea fever) is completely opposite to the sonnet (on the sea) because sea fever talks about the sea but it talks about a sailor and how he just can’t wait to get on a ship and sail into the sea. This poem talks about a sailor who is very excited to go out to sea, he wants adventure, and he wants a wild journey into the ocean living the vagrant gypsy life. The author refers to the sea as a home to this sailor unlike the sonnet (on the sea) which refers to the sea as a wild, dangerous and ruthless place. The author uses language techniques like Metaphors, emotive language and Repetition. Examples of Metaphors used in this poem are (sea and the sky) line 1, (star to steer) line 2, (and gull’s way and the whale’s way where the wind’s like a whetted knife) line 10. Examples of Emotive language used in this poem are (to the lonely sea and the sky) line 1 (and the sea gulls crying) line 8. An example of repletion is that he starts every stanza with the sentence (I must go down to the seas again). So in conclusion these poems are similar but different in many ways, and like me and you each of them has their ups and downs. They both talk about the sea but each in a different perception. Thanks for listening to my speech and I hope you gained a little information from me today.

Do It Yourself Medical Tests: The Real Story Essay

In the past decade or so, the advancement of technology has resulted in the boom of gadgets such as cellular phones, handheld computers, flat screen television sets and the like. However, this progression is not only evident in entertainment and information devices. In fact, these vast technological developments have also made an impact in the field of medicine and healthcare. Through the years, the introduction and use of highly sophisticated equipment has significantly improved the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, such as cancer. Most of the time, doctors merely have to evaluate their patients and make them undergo a series of machine-based tests to further diagnose the disease or complications. However, more than hospital-based technology, the introduction devices or kits have made it possible for patients to undergo medical tests in the convenience of their own homes. Before, a woman who suspects that she is pregnant had to visit her physician, give him a urine sample and wait for days for the results of the pregnancy tests. Possibly, the only test that could be done at home back then was checking your temperature using a thermometer. Now, however, simple tests like pregnancy tests and blood sugar tests for diabetes can be bought over the counter, which means that patients no longer have to see their doctor often just to undergo these tests. According to the Detroit Medical Center’s online article, Do-It-Yourself Medical Testing Makes Inroads, other do-it-yourself test kits that have been made available for the past years include tests for hepatitis, cholesterol, colon cancer, urinary tract infections and HIV. Impact and Cost of Do-It-yourself Kits  Based on the Detroit Medical Center’s journal, do-it-yourself medical test kits have made a significant impact on patients’ lives, in particular, the amount of time they spend visiting their doctors and the length of availability of the test results. For example, in the past, diabetic patients had to check whether or not there was sugar in their urine to monitor their blood glucose. However, the introduction of testing strips and blood glucose meters, which were usually strapped to a patient’s wrist, made that procedure archaic and provided greater convenience to diabetic patients. The patients can actually measure the changes in their blood sugar without checking their urine and adjust their food intake and medication according to the results of the blood glucose meter. Moreover, based on the article, these meters can monitor blood glucose levels up to six times an hour, decreasing the need to use painful finger pricks, which is one reason why patients hesitate to undergo the test before. In addition, the development of finer lancets and improved meters used for pricking require less of the patient’s blood. Another home test kit that is currently available and commonly used at home is the cholesterol monitoring tests. While this test does not provide an amount of all the cholesterol fractions such as the good cholesterol and the bad cholesterol, it gives a patient a fairly simple overview of his or her cholesterol count. Similarly, home-test kits such as tests for ovulation, fecal occult blood, colon cancer, hepatitis, urinary tract infections, HIV as well as blood pressure monitoring machines, have provided patients with the convenience of diagnosing themselves at home. However, while the do-it-yourself home test kit is a significant addition to society, it also comes with a high price. Based on Walton Crocker’s article, Do’s and Don’ts for Do-It-Yourself Home Medical Testing, which was published in the Associated Content’s website, home medical test kits like cholesterol tests, prostate cancer tests, drug tests, HIV tests, hepatitis C tests, test for blood in the stool, and home monitoring machines, such as blood pressure monitoring machines, have a combined cost of more or less $6. 2 billion a year. Moreover, home blood glucose monitoring alone costs about $5. 7 billion a year. The original blood glucose monitoring machine was enormous in size and had to be strapped to a person’s back. Now, in contrast, this machine is only the size of a key chain. In comparison, a patient spends about $75 to $150 dollars on a regular visit to his or her doctor. However, more often than not, a consultation with the doctor regarding a certain disease also includes a large amount of time spent and possible inconveniences as compared to using home test kits which similarly provide diagnosis of a disease. Furthermore, do-it-yourself genetic testing kits have also been developed. Patients use the kits to scrape cells from the inside cheeks and send it for testing. The results are released through e-mail. Risks and Issues of Do-It-Yourself Tests While modern society has warmly welcomed these vast developments in health and diagnosing certain diseases, there have been a lot of questions regarding their accuracy and reliability. For example, the results of the home testing for blood cholesterol levels only gives patients the over-all amount of cholesterol and not the exact breakdown. According to the Detroit Medical Center, tests cholesterol levels should at least include High Density Lipoprotein, the good cholesterol and Low Density Lipoprotein, the bad cholesterol. Usually, the area of concern in this test is the exact amount of bad cholesterol as it more or less determines how unhealthy a patient is and what dietary adjustments a patient should make to control his or her cholesterol levels. Do-it-yourself genetic testing also has major flaws especially in the validation of results. Based on a report cited by Dr. Andrew Weil in his website, a congressional investigation found out that certain firms who are selling home genetic testing kits were produced clinically invalid results. These results, if not checked, can lead to false assumptions of a patient regarding his or her suspected disease. For example, a false positive result of a home genetic test which shows that a woman has a genetic mutation that can lead to breast cancer can make her feel overly worried even though she the results are not factual. On the other hand, a false negative home genetic test result may cause a patient to ignore a potential disease he or she has contracted since he or she believed the test results which are, in fact, invalid. However, despite these issues and controversies however, both the demand and popularity of home test kits are significantly growing. One reason for this popularity, according to Walton Crocker’s article, is that these home test kits provide privacy for patients with possible diseases. People who suspect that they have illnesses or diseases, such as Hepatitis and HIV, would rather want to confirm their suspicions at home through the use of do-it-yourself test kits than go to a doctor and risk other people finding out about their possible disease. The greater convenience and the less time spent are also major factors that contribute to the popularity of home test kits. Furthermore, while doctors and health care professionals are pleased that the diagnosis of certain diseases can be done at home, a major cause of concern is that some patients do not consult a doctor even if they exhibit symptoms of a particular disease mainly because they tested negative in the home test kit. The Detroit Medical Center also raised another concern that patients who use home testing kits think of themselves more as â€Å"consumers† than patients as they can purchase these kits from pharmacies and other drug companies. This basically defeats the primary role of the doctor which is to evaluate a patient’s health condition, diagnose his or her possible diseases, and prescribe a treatment that would eventually cure him or her. Moreover, some companies, especially those accessible online, claim that they are licensed by the government to operate but they are really not. Basically, all the issues, inaccuracies, and flaws of do-it-yourself kits suggest that patients who use them don’t always get the whole story regarding their health condition. The results that patients obtain from these kits are merely bits and pieces of the possible disease or condition that they may have. Doctors still know best  Generally, despite the accessibility of the home testing kits and the convenience that they provide, it is best to consult a doctor first before making conclusions regarding a disease. A patient may test negative for a certain home test kit but the symptoms he or she exhibits may prove otherwise only if he or she consults a doctor, who is the best person to evaluate your health condition. The results of a cholesterol do-it-yourself kit may provide a patient with the amount of cholesterol in his or her body, but it does not say which type of cholesterol he or she has in excess. The patient may have more of the bad cholesterol than the good cholesterol or vice versa, but he or she will never know unless his or her blood is tested in an actual laboratory. Although do-it-yourself kits can give patients an idea about the status of their health, according to the Detroit Medical Center, the tests done on an actual laboratory with certified and experienced professionals is still the best, safest, and most accurate way to diagnose any disease or medical condition. In his article, Walton Crocker suggests that before buying any home test kit, it is best to first consult a doctor to first assess the accuracy and reliability of the home test kit and also evaluate the condition of the patient. Furthermore, patients should also inform a pharmacist of the medications they are taking as some medications can give false negative or false positive results in home test kits.

9’Ms of Quality Essay

Different meaning could be attached to the word quality under different circumstances. The word quality does not mean the quality of manufactured product only. It may refer to the quality of the process (i.e., men, material, and machines) and even that of management. Where the quality manufactured product referred as or defined as â€Å"Quality of product as the degree in which it fulfills the requirement of the customer. It is not absolute but it judged or realized by comparing it with some standards†. Quality begins with the design of a product in accordance with the customer specification further it involved the established measurement standards, the use of proper material, selection of suitable manufacturing process etc., quality is a relative term and it is generally used with reference to the end use of the product. Crosby defined as â€Å"Quality is conformance to requirement or specifications†. Juran defined as â€Å"Quality is fitness for use†. â€Å"The Quality of a product or service is the fitness of that product or service for meeting or exceeding its intended use as required by the customer.† Fundamental Factors Affecting Quality The nine fundamental factors (9 M’s), which are affecting the quality of products and services, are: markets, money, management, men, motivation, materials, machines and mechanization. Modern information methods and mounting product requirements. 1.Market: Because of technology advancement, we could see many new products to satisfy customer wants. At the same time, the customer wants are also changing dynamically. So, it is the role of companies to identify needs and then meet it with existing technologies or by developing new technologies. 2.Money: The increased global competition necessitates huge outlays for new equipments and process. This should be rewarded by improved productivity. This is possible by minimizing quality costs associated with the maintenance and improvements of quality level. 3.Management: Because of the increased complex structure of business organization, the quality related responsibilities lie with persons at different levels in the organization. 4.Men: The rapid growth in technical knowledge leads to development of human resource with different specialization. This necessitates some groups like, system engineering group to integrate the idea of full specialization. 5.Motivation: If we fix the responsibility of achieving quality with each individual in the organization with proper motivation techniques, there will not be any problem in producing the designed quality products. 6.Materials: Selection of proper materials to meet the desired tolerance limit is also an important consideration. Quality attributes like, surface finish, strength, diameter etc., can be obtained by proper selection of material. 7.Machines and mechanization: In order to have quality products which will lead to higher productivity of any organization, we need to use advanced machines and mechanize various operations. 8.Modern information methods: The modern information methods help in storing and retrieving needed data for manufacturing, marketing and servicing. 9.Mounting product requirements: Product diversification to meet customers taste leads to intricacy in design, manufacturing and quality standards. Hence, companies should plan adequate system to tackle all these requirements.

Education unit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Education unit - Essay Example Education has a long history. The early centres of civilization embraced education way back beyond the 14th century. Education is an English word that emanates from the Greek word e-ducere that has a meaning of â€Å"to lead out† (Yero 1). Early scholars had diverse opinions of what education entails hence coming up with different lines of thought. Socrates contributes to this debate mentioning that the sole purpose of education was to draw what was the student knew. This has a basis given that most teachers focus on trying to retrieve what their learners have acquired through examinations and regular assessments. Education is a posterity process that only ends at death. Learners are expected to grow from one degree on knowledge to another. Despite the educational systems providing this platform, the world also has a way of inculcating certain knowledge into individuals. This can happen through friends, colleagues in workplaces, family members among others. All these aspects prepare individuals to be responsible people in the society as well as enriching them with the necessary skills required for socio-economic growth. In the informal type of education, the learner can be the teacher and vice versa since there are no set rules of who should learn from whom. However, older members of the society have played a key role in imparting knowledge to the younger generation through counselling and mentorship. For effective learning, the teacher should be at a position of guiding the learner efficiently. Firstly, the teacher should be proficient in disseminating the required information to the learners. The information should be relevant and articulated in a manner that raises the learner’s curiosity. Secondly, socialization among the learners and teachers enhances learning. It is also worth noting that a good teacher keeps on evaluating their teaching strategies as well as assessing the learners to ensure they grasp the knowledge delivered to them. Among other

Comparative Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Comparative Law - Essay Example It is a necessary element of a contract that is intended to be legally binding. In cases where a party is attempting to prove the existence of a contract, evidence of consideration often proves useful. However, "the onus is on the party seeking to prove the contract to demonstrate intention and the nature of the relationship between the parties." (Clarke, 2008). Additionally, in order to prove that both parties intended to enter into legal relations with one another, the agreement must have been very specific in its material components. "An agreement which is 'vague or ambiguious', incomplete or constitues a mere 'agreement to agree' will not be enforceable." (Clarke, 2008). In terms of proving a contract's validity, it is important to note that contracts do not always have to be written; they can be oral. Certain types of contracts, as protected by the 1677 Statute of Frauds, do have to be signed. And it is certainly much easier to prove the validity of a contract with a signed docu ment. (Clarke, 2008). German contract law is known to place an emphasis on citizens' rights to govern their own affairs with no or little interference from the government. According to the Principle of Abstraction, "contracts only create an obligation, but there are no actual changes to the legal correlation concerning the object of the contract." (Wikipedia, 2008). In recent years, however, Germany has been moving toward a trend of greater regulation. According to Germany's Civil Code 157, "contracts are to be interpreted in accordance with good faith and fair dealing having regard to commercial practices." (Lando, 1996). Contracts are often voided if an unfair weight is placed on one of the involved parties, especially if that party is somehow weaker, such as a minority or a consumer rather than a professional. In contemplating the validity of a contract, also to be considered are the issues that were involved in the initial formation of that particular contract. (Wikipedia, 2008). Germany is a member of the European Union, which has its own set of regulatory principles regarding contracts. (Wikipedia, 2008). The Principles of European Contract Law is a lengthy document detailing regulations of contracts to be governed by law of the European Union. Some of the articles in this set of principles, to be addressed subsequently, pertain to contract terms, revocation of an offer, and unfair advantages. The European Union includes, as of January 1, 2007, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. (Rosenberg, 2007). Chinese contract law holds both parties involved in a contract to be legally equal. Similar to contract law in Germany, those contracts in which one party unfairly takes advantage of another party may be voided. Contracts in China may be oral or written but similar to both Australia and Germany, there are certain circumstances in which a contract must be written and signed. One of these cases is that of a lease. Whether oral or written, contracts must include which parties are involved, the object or subject of the contract, quantity and quality specifications, remuneration, time limit, method of performance, legal